The U.S. Supreme Court issued a major ruling that significantly narrows the scope of environmental reviews required for large infrastructure projects, such as highways, airports, pipelines, and railways. This decision marks another setback for environmental advocates who have seen a string of losses at the conservative-leaning Court. Recent rulings have struck down protections for wetlands and limited the federal government’s ability to regulate cross-state air pollution, signaling a broader judicial trend toward weakening environmental oversight. The new ruling also reinforces criticisms long voiced by Republicans, especially former President Donald Trump, who argued that environmental reviews under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) delay economic development. NEPA, signed by President Richard Nixon in 1970, has been central to the modern environmental movement. It requires federal agencies to assess environmental consequences before approving major federal actions, historically resulting in lengthy, detailed reviews.

Justice Brett Kavanaugh authored the opinion for a unanimous Court, with no dissent from either liberal or conservative justices. He framed the dispute around an 88-mile railway intended to connect Utah’s Uinta Basin to national rail networks, enabling the transport of waxy crude oil to refineries across the country. Environmental groups argued that the federal government’s analysis was inadequate because it failed to consider the downstream effects of increased oil transportation, including air pollution and expanded crude-oil refining operations. Kavanaugh rejected these concerns, asserting that the environmental review conducted by the Surface Transportation Board fell within a broad “zone of reasonableness.” He emphasized that courts should not “micromanage” federal agencies so long as they adhere to NEPA’s procedural requirements. According to Kavanaugh, NEPA functions as a procedural “cross-check” rather than a substantive obstacle, meaning agencies must consider environmental effects but are not required to block projects based on those considerations.

Justice Neil Gorsuch recused himself without providing an explanation, though Democratic lawmakers had previously argued that his withdrawal might relate to potential conflicts of interest. They noted that Denver billionaire Philip Anschutz, a longtime supporter of Gorsuch, reportedly had financial ties to the railway project. Despite Gorsuch’s absence, the Court’s three liberal justices — Sonia Sotomayor, Elena Kagan, and Ketanji Brown Jackson — concurred with the result, though Sotomayor wrote separately to articulate a different rationale. She argued that agencies should only assess environmental impacts directly linked to their legal responsibilities. For example, the Surface Transportation Board regulates transportation logistics, not oil refining or production; therefore, it need not evaluate emissions or pollution impacts associated with oil extraction or refining activities elsewhere in the country.

The Biden administration supported the limited review conducted by the Board, showing unusual alignment with the Trump administration’s stance on this issue. During Trump’s presidency, he frequently denounced NEPA reviews as inefficient and overly complex, claiming they slowed down major construction and infrastructure projects. In 2020, Trump publicly criticized the multi-year review process, stating that excessive delays increased costs, blocked job creation, and stifled economic growth. Congress later revised NEPA in 2023, capping many environmental assessments at 150 pages, a substantial reduction from previous reviews that often spanned thousands of pages. Supporters of the Uinta Basin railway cited these revisions, arguing that it would be impossible for federal agencies to evaluate all potential downstream impacts within such restrictive page limits, especially with the added complexity of nationwide oil-market effects.

Environmental organizations, including Earthjustice and officials from Eagle County, Colorado, filed lawsuits arguing that the federal government’s narrow environmental analysis could set a dangerous precedent. They contended that limiting reviews to only immediate, direct effects would prevent the public from understanding broader health, climate, and environmental risks associated with fossil-fuel expansion. Sam Sankar, senior vice president at Earthjustice, warned that the case could “blind the public to the obvious health consequences of government decisions,” emphasizing that weakening NEPA reviews would undermine a half-century of established environmental law. He further argued that communities living near refineries or transportation corridors would bear the brunt of increased pollution if agencies are not required to study downstream consequences.

The Court’s ruling establishes an important interpretive boundary: federal agencies are responsible only for environmental impacts directly tied to the specific decisions they make, not for broader economic or industrial consequences that occur elsewhere. For the Uinta Basin railway, this means the Surface Transportation Board was obligated to analyze only the environmental effects directly associated with approving the construction and operation of the railway itself. It was not required to analyze environmental harms caused by increased oil extraction in Utah or the pollution generated when crude oil is refined hundreds of miles away. Supporters of the ruling argue this interpretation prevents agencies from being overwhelmed by speculative or far-reaching analyses unrelated to their core missions. Critics counter that environmental effects are interconnected, and ignoring downstream impacts effectively shields the fossil-fuel industry from democratic scrutiny.

The decision has broader implications for federal permitting across the country. By narrowing the range of impacts agencies must consider, the ruling will likely expedite approvals for energy and transportation projects but also may reduce environmental transparency. Infrastructure developers, including those in the oil, gas, and mining sectors, are expected to benefit from faster and less exhaustive reviews. Meanwhile, environmental groups warn that communities near industrial sites could face increased pollution without adequate assessment or public input. As infrastructure battles continue nationwide, the ruling signals that the Supreme Court is committed to limiting the reach of federal environmental review laws, reshaping how the United States balances economic development with environmental protection.